Last week, the Tristan da Cunha website revealed that Chief Islander Ian Lavarello, on behalf of the Tristan Island Council, had sent a letter on August 1st to the Norwegian Embassy in London expressing condolences for the mass murders in Norway on July 22.

President Obama's CondolencesMr. Lavarello’s letter, portions of which were quoted on the website, echoed the sprit, yet differed in substance, from the message of condolence that President Obama wrote when he visited the Embassy of Norway in Washington four days after the tragedy. The president’s message, hand written in a condolence book in the embassy, was very brief.

As reported in the press, he wrote: “We are all heartbroken by the tragic loss of so many people particularly youth with the fullness of life ahead of them. No words can ease the sorrow but please know that the thoughts and prayers of all Americans are with the people of Norway, and that we will stand beside you every step of the way.”

The Norwegians are famed for their peacefulness. The committee that decides on the Nobel Peace Prizes each year is Norwegian, and Oslo hosts the annual Peace Prize award ceremony. The country takes a variety of international peace initiatives. The Oslo Accords of the early 1990s, for instance, which attempted to bring the Palestinians and Israelis to a negotiated settlement, stand out among many examples. The Norwegian people are well known for the peacefulness in their communities.

Mr. Lavarello’s tiny island, with just over 260 citizens, is equally as peaceful, if not so well known. His letter mentioned the historic ties between the Western nation and the obscure South Atlantic island. He recalled the Norwegian scholarly team that visited Tristan in 1938 to study the scientific, social, and cultural make up of the remote place. The scholarship by Peter Munch, who was part of that 1938 Norwegian team, is the basis for including the Tristan Islanders in this website. Munch’s personal journal, published recently, testifies to the quality of the Norwegian scholars—as well as to the independence and integrity of the Islanders.

Mr. Lavarello’s letter described for the ambassador the fact that a museum on the island “helps to tell the story of what is to us, a very special friendship.” He doesn’t mention, in the selection from his letter published on the website, that the special relationship is marked by a common commitment to peacefulness, but it is implied.

Although the text of the extract is nearly four times as long as Mr. Obama’s, Mr. Lavarello expressed his sympathies in equally sincere terms. “Everyone on our island remembers the people of Norway in their hearts and their prayers at this time of great sadness and mourning,” he wrote in part. He may not be a world leader as the American president is, but he obviously has similar qualities of compassion.

October second marks the fifth anniversary of the horrifying shootings in the Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania, Amish schoolhouse, a tragedy that focused the attention of the world not only on another mass murder but also on the practice of forgiveness. Millions of people had a hard time believing that the Amish people could so quickly forgive the killer and his family.

Young_CenterThe Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown, PA, will commemorate the anniversary on Thursday, September 22, with a one-day conference from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM that is now open for pre-registration. The title of the conference at the Young Center will be “The Power of Forgiveness: Lessons from Nickel Mines.” It will be aimed at professionals who deal with issues for which forgiveness can be an essential strategy, such as pastors, therapists, and counselors.

Using the events of five years ago as a springboard, a number of speakers will focus on issues related to forgiveness in the contemporary world. Only about a third of the conference will deal with the events of October 2006—the rest will be a more general conversation on forgiveness itself. Donald B. Kraybill, senior fellow at the Young Center, will give the opening presentation, “Forgiveness in the Face of Tragedy: Five-Year Lessons.” His paper will distinguish between forgiveness, reconciliation, justice, pardon, and grace.

L. Gregory Jones, a theology professor at Duke University, will present the keynote address, “Habits of Forgiveness: Shaping Contexts for the Hard Questions.” Following his speech, David Weaver-Zercher, a prominent scholar on Amish studies and a professor of religious history at Messiah College, will add his comments to the presentation by Prof. Jones. The two scholars will then conduct a question and answer session.

The afternoon will feature five concurrent sessions, when various speakers will discuss topics relating to forgiveness, such as domestic and sexual violence. Frank Stalfa, a professor of pastoral theology at Lancaster Theological Seminary, will present a talk titled “Forgiveness without Reconciliation: The Four Station Approach.” He will point out that reconciliation and forgiveness are quite separate issues—the second does not necessarily follow the first, but they both have a role to play in healing.

Linda Crockett, who is the director of the consultation and education programs at the Lancaster Samaritan Counseling Center, will discuss quick forgiveness and how it can hinder healing. Forgiveness, especially in cases of sexual abuse, must not be framed as an alternative to justice. In cases of abuse, mandates to forgive can actually pose a barrier to healing, she will argue.

Steven M. Nolt, a professor of history at Goshen College, joined by Kraybill and Weaver-Zercher, will discuss the problems they had when they researched and wrote their book Amish Grace: How Forgiveness Transcended Tragedy, which was published late in 2007. (See a review in this website in July 2008). In a presentation titled “Writing the Story of a Tragedy: Ethical and Practical Challenges,” the three authors will discuss the sensitive issues and ethical complications they faced. They will also reflect on the subsequent television film “Amish Grace” and how they dealt with the filmmakers.

Maria Erling, professor of church history and mission at the Lutheran Theological Seminary in Gettysburg, will talk about a service in Stuttgart, Germany, in 2010 at which the Lutheran World Federation asked for (and were granted) forgiveness from Anabaptists for the persecutions they suffered nearly 500 years ago. Erling will lead a discussion about how acts of repentance can help forge new relationships among people and their churches.

Kenneth Sensenig, assistant director in the East Coast regional office of the Mennonite Central Committee, will give a presentation titled “The Worldwide Witness of Nickel Mines.” He will cover the role of the MCC, which acted as a bridge between the public and the Amish community during the days after the tragedy at the schoolhouse.

An interesting feature of the conference will be a session when Terri Roberts, the mother of deranged killer Charles Carl Roberts, IV, will be able to present her own, personal experiences. Her topic, “My Journey with Forgiveness,” will discuss, in the words of the program, “how being forgiven can offer spiritual power for reconciling and building vibrant new relationships with those who’ve been harmed.” Professor Nolt and Mrs. Roberts will reflect on what the tragedy has taught each of them about forgiveness and reconciliation in the five years since the murders.

According to the press release from the college, the deadline for registering for the conference will be on September 8. A public program at 7:30 in the evening of September 22, “The Enduring Power of Forgiveness,” will be free and open to all visitors. A special exhibit, “The Tragedy at Nickel Mines: A Story of Forgiveness and Reconciliation,” which traces global media coverage of the tragedy and forgiveness, will be on display in the Young Center from September 8 until December 9.

The registration fee for the one-day conference will be $45.00, $25.00 for students. The website for the conference gives more details about the program and registration procedures.

Have the Fipa heard of Lucrezia Borgia, the Renaissance Italian woman who was rumored to have murdered people with poisons that she allegedly hid in her ring? In 1968, Roy Willis described the beliefs and practices of sorcery by the Fipa in a couple articles that provide useful clues to understanding their reactions to witchcraft, and to possible poisonings to this day.

Lucrezia Borgia

In one article (1968a), he indicated he was frequently warned about the dangers of being poisoned during his fieldwork there, especially by people who seemed to be friendly to him. Even if a man took a sip from a bowl of beer before passing it along to his guests, to show that the beverage was safe, the host could have stored a bit of poison under his thumbnail, Willis writes. He could then secretly poison the beverage just before handing it over. The Borgias all over again.

Willis describes the way the Fipa at first assured him that sorcery did not exist any longer, but they soon talked of little else. The anthropologist assumed that their previous reticence on the subject was due to the fact that they did not like to discuss a practice that they knew Europeans would not accept.

In fact, he soon realized, using poisons was only part of a larger body of sorcery practices in the Fipa culture. He wondered why poisoning had become so prominent among them by the 1960s. Then he concluded that poisoning was in fact the one technique that the Europeans would recognize, even if they disapproved.

He quotes from his own journal. The text indicated that if a person became ill, particularly with a stomach complaint, everyone immediately assumed that a poisoning had occurred. “If someone dies suddenly ‘poison’ is the instant cry….But I have yet to hear of a single authenticated case of poisoning (p.148).”

In another article published the same year (1968), Willis describes sorcery among the Fipa in detail, plus an anti-sorcery movement that spread across the countryside while he was in the field. He argued that day-to-day witchcraft accusations were a function of personal relationships and misfortunes. Illnesses, deaths, and the loss of livestock or crops could produce witchcraft accusations when these events occurred between equals in a community. He added that accusations between different generations were rarely, if ever, made. Furthermore, sorcery was usually a private matter when he was in Ufipa.

All of this came to mind last Monday when the people in two villages on the Ufipa Plateau near Sumbawanga, located in the traditional territory of the Fipa, accused two old men of witchcraft and brutally murdered them.

In Mashete village, Nkansi District of the Rukwa Region of Tanzania, Lydia Monela, a 20 year old woman suffering from a disease, became hysterical from the pain of her illness. She began to scream that her 98 year old grandfather, Peter Kisalala, was bewitching her. Her father, Albin Abdalla, 68, rushed into the house and beat his own father to death. Another son, Linus, and other members of the family, assisted in killing the accused witch. Monela herself was quickly taken to a nearby health center where she died, diagnosed with cerebral malaria.

The same day in the village of Kianda Igonda, in the Sumbawanga District of Rukwa, Gabriel Katembo, a 68 year old school teacher, began vomiting blood and soon he too died. Mourners accused his 70 year old uncle, Gervas Katembo, of bewitching his nephew. They challenged him to resurrect the dead man, which he admitted he could do. So the crowd lynched him.

Rukwa Regional Police Commander Isuto Mantage described the two killings to the press. These incidents follow a pattern of earlier witchcraft killings in the Rukwa Region, and of mob violence against suspected witches.

The two Willis articles do not completely untangle these two stories, though it is obvious that accusations of witchcraft are still frequent, and tragic. The belief that sudden illnesses must be caused in some way by witchcraft clearly persists. Whether poisoning remains an integral part of sorcery practices is not clear. And the statement by Willis that accusations of witchcraft did not occur between different generations is no longer valid. Furthermore, accusations of witchcraft are no longer private—they are hollered loudly about the village.

These news stories last week, added to earlier reports of a similar nature, show that the witchcraft discussed by Willis is still accepted and feared, though changed in some ways in Ufipa.

Ben Riehl, an Amish farmer in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, operates his farm, installs solar panels for extra income in his spare time, and has opened his home near the town of Intercourse as a bed and breakfast establishment.

IntercourseB&BAccording to an article last week in the Philadelphia Inquirer, Mr. Riehl’s Beacon Hollow Farm B & B actually has a page on a website for tourists who want to stay at Lancaster County farms. Of course, he does not have a computer in his home, so he has no access to the Internet himself. But he does have a telephone—in his barn.

Riehl emphasizes to the reporter that it gets pretty hectic on his 80 acre cattle farm, but his guests come from all over the world to get away from their gadgets and to enjoy the relatively simple lifestyle.

Tom Infield, the Inquirer staff reporter, also interviewed Stephen M. Scott at the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College. Mr. Scott told him that the number of Amish guest houses is probably growing, since it is hard for them to make a living off of agriculture alone.

The Inquirer said that Amish people are informally working with non-Amish people who own lodging facilities and offering to their guests home-cooked meals right in their homes. This informal service, according to Infield, is contrary to Pennsylvania regulations that seek to control commercial food operations. Restaurant operators in the county are prodding regulators to close down unregulated Amish home cooking.

The reporter also spoke with Sam Stoltzfus in Gordonville, the operator of a machine shop and an historian of the Amish. Stoltzfus feels that offering an overnight lodging, or a meal in the home, is all part of “Christian hospitality.” Within reason, he says, the Amish enjoy mingling with their non-Amish neighbors and with the tourists—the English, as they call outsiders.

Mr. Riehl concluded that operating his B & B is a way of showing off the Amish lifestyle, which, he says, could serve as an example for the rest of the world.

Heavy rains early last week caused a landslide to roar down on a Semai community near the resort town of Tanah Rata, at the western edge of the Cameron Highlands in Malaysia, killing seven people and seriously injuring two others. Initial estimates were that the community had 145 homes with about 1300 people in them when the landslide hit. Fortunately, only three houses were completely buried and a couple others were damaged.

The community, Sungai Ruil, is a couple kilometers off the road from Tanah Rata to Brinchang, about 5 km to the northeast. Tanah Rata is one of the most important tourist centers for the Cameron Highlands resort area.

The Semai in Sungai Riul, according to one news report, no longer do much hunting for small game in the forest. They now subsist on selling forest products they have gathered and from wage laboring jobs. Their homes are built from planks and concrete rather than from thatch as they used to be.

The dead and the injured were taken to the hospital in Tanah Rata, while other survivors who lived in the immediate area of the landslide were evacuated to a multi-purpose hall in Brinchang. Those who were seriously injured were then moved to a hospital in the city of Ipoh, below the highlands to the west.

By the afternoon the next day, Social Welfare Department officials had decided to start distributing aid to the 523 victims of the landslide who had been evacuated to Brinchang. Later in the day, it became clear that over half of the community, 666 people, had been relocated to that community hall.

Soon various authorities began to speculate on the causes of the landslide. Tengku Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah, the crown prince of Pahang State, in which the Cameron Highlands is located, said that the landslide “was due to water retention at the hill [where] the houses were located. There was [a] spring up there on the hill.”

However, since the land on the mountainside above the settlement is controlled by the Semai, there had apparently not been any serious logging or earth-moving operations. Observers spoke of trees being uprooted and brought down by the landslide, so why the mountainside was unstable remains unclear. A couple days after the tragedy, state authorities maintained that it did not occur due to land clearing or development. It was completely a natural disaster. Others are not convinced, however, and suspect that land clearing may, in fact, have been a cause.

Two German tourists who happened to be in the area when the disaster occurred told the press late the next day that they were impressed by the efforts of the community and the rescue crews when they searched for survivors. One of them described the spirit of mutual assistance that she witnessed in the aftermath of the tragedy.

Several press reports quoted the experiences of the Semai themselves. One quoted Harun Bahsoon, a 41 year old man, who saw a bolt of lightning hit the hillside just before the mudslide started.

“It was a creepy kind of an explosion when the soil came down,” he said. “I rushed out of my house with my wife and four children to help save those buried. Other villagers joined in. It was raining heavily and we ourselves were standing in waist deep mud and soil while trying to pull the victims out.” He went on to describe how he helped pull his neighbors out of the mud, but one of the men was gasping for breath. He died just as the rescue crews arrived.

The Hutterites of the Forest River Colony, in eastern North Dakota, have been in the news again—at least in the Herald from the nearby city of Grand Forks. A reporter from the paper, Marilyn Hagerty, went out to visit the colony, about 22 prairie miles northwest of the city, to spend a day and get a feeling for life there.

John A. Hostetler, Hutterite SocietyShe did not mention the fascinating history of Forest River. John Hostetler, in his book Hutterite Society, described the role of that colony in developing connections between the Hutterites and the Society of Brothers, also called the Bruderhof movement. The Society of Brothers began early in the 20th century when Eberhard Arnold, a charismatic German theologian, became convinced Christians should live in communal societies patterned after that of the early apostles.

Arnold was inspired in the 1920s not only by the New Testament Book of Acts, but also by the Hutterite history—Anabaptists in 16th century Switzerland who had followed the same example in Acts to establish their own communal lifestyle.

Then, he discovered that the Hutterites still existed. They lived in the plains states of the northern U.S. and the neighboring prairie provinces of Canada. He traveled from Germany to America and visited the colonies. Impressed by their visitor, the Hutterites accepted the new group in Germany as a kindred peaceful society, since they appeared to have many similar beliefs.

Later in the 1930s, with the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany, the Brothers moved to England. After the Second World War started, however, they had to flee to Paraguay to avoid English discrimination. They spoke German, after all. Sporadic contacts continued between the Hutterites of North America and the Society of Brothers in Paraguay, though many differences between the two groups became evident. In fact, a joint meeting in 1950 resulted in most of the Hutterites becoming convinced that the beliefs and practices between the two groups were not similar enough to permit any sort of union.

However, some members of the Forest River Colony had a different impression. They invited the Brothers to leave Paraguay and join them in their colony in North Dakota. The Schmiedeleut, one of the three major divisions, or leuts, of Hutterites, were quite distressed by the actions of the colony. Their concerns proved to be justified—the migration of the Brothers into Forest River were nearly disastrous. According to Hostetler, 36 members of the Society of Brothers moved into Forest River—teachers, nurses, ministers, lawyers—and basically took over the place. The resident minister fled, along with 40 of his supporters.

The Schmiedeleut ministers met in 1955 and excommunicated the Society of Brothers. They put Forest River on probation for causing problems of division and disunity in the leut. The Brothers finally decided to leave Forest River and move to a new colony in Farmington, Pennsylvania—and 36 Hutterites went with them. Other Paraguay Brothers had meanwhile dismantled their colonies in South America and moved to new locations in the U.S., most notably one near Rifton, N.Y. Over the years since, apologies have been made between the Hutterites and the Bruderhof. They have maintained an off-again, on-again relationship, but the differences in style and substance have been too great for a formal union to persist.

The reporter for the Grand Falls newspaper did not note a much more recent book about the Hutterites, which also mentions the famed Forest River colony. The Hutterites in North America, by Janzen and Stanton (2010), updates the history of Hutterite—Bruderhof relations. But regarding Forest River, the book concentrates on describing the condition of its modern housing. The authors visited the dwelling occupied by Tony and Kathleen Waldner and their children which, they say, is typical of many colonies. Mr. Waldner is the German teacher at the colony. He lives with his wife and children in a modern home with six bedrooms, two modern bathrooms, a modern kitchen, and other rooms, all evidently furnished nicely.

Waldner also hosted the news reporter from Grand Forks when she visited the colony in late July, and her reports, both on August 7 and again on August 13, focused on the vegetables and fruits produce in their gardens. They freeze and can enough foods to tide the 100 residents over the long winter months. Unlike the Amish, the Hutterites do have electricity in their homes. They sell their surplus foods at a weekly farm market in Grand Falls.

Ms. Hagerty describes the ample meals shared by the Forest River members, plus the enthusiastic comments by her hosts about the foods they enjoy. She indicates that they do not have televisions, but they do have computers and radios in their homes.

Mr. Waldner, who also supervises the colony gardens, tells her that they farm 4,000 acres, some of which is bottom land along the Forest River where they have a 16 acre garden. They have a large greenhouse to extend the growing season. He told the reporter that they sell eggs and other surplus foods, raise hogs, and operate an industrial demolition and salvage business to raise money.

Ms. Hagerty is clearly most fascinated by the way the colony preserves food for the winter. They make and preserve salsa, pick juneberries, put up green beans—200 to 300 quarts—and add vegetables to their freezers. One day recently, they put up 150 jars of raspberries, to add to their 120 jars of chokecherry jam and 40 jars of chokecherry syrup.

Their field crops include 800 to 1000 acres of potatoes, 2000 acres of corn, and 200 acres of carrots. They grow fields of tomatoes, beets, zucchinis, horse radishes, and peppers. Mr. Waldner pointed out the plantings of cantaloupes, broccoli, and cabbages. They use the cabbages to make their sauerkraut. After all, he told her, “we must be Germans!”

Indian film superstar Chiranjeevi championed a Yanadi woman, Tupakula Munemma, over two years ago when he founded his Praja Rajyam party and ran, unsuccessfully, for Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. He invited her to run for the state legislative assembly in his party, which she did.

ChiranjeeviLast week, Chiranjeevi, the film star turned politician—he was elected to the state legislative assembly from Tirupati—decided to visit some of the poor people in his district. He was no longer met with an heroic reception, such as the ones he had become accustomed to in previous years.

He visited the Yanadi Colony in the small city of Tirupati and was mobbed by a crowd of about 100 hostile women, members of a rival political party, the Telugu Desam. A Ms. Pushpavati, a local union official, charged that he did not have a serious attitude about the problems of the people in his constituency. Doubtless these women remembered that the focus of his campaign in late 2008 and early 2009 had been on social justice for the poorest members of the state, such as the Yanadi.

The women said that, although he had visited the Yanadi colony four different times, he had not done anything to improve the facilities there, particularly the drinking water. When the crowd became unruly, police had to clear a way for the actor/politician to leave—reportedly in a huff. Ms. Pushpavati alleged that he was not at all accessible to his constituents. He only visited the Yanadi Colony to hoodwink people and seek publicity, she said.

During his busy day in the city, he visited the urban downtown and other colonies of poor workers. He laid a foundation stone for a drinking water project in one location, and greeted schoolchildren at another. He examined municipal facilities on his tour, including deteriorating roads and poor drinking water systems.

In addition to the Yanadi women, other groups cornered him to complain of their problems: a new tariff system for jeep drivers, problems with a pension plan for retired government employees, and the location of a fish market and slaughterhouse.

After he completed his tour and met with municipal officials, Chiranjeevi announced to the media, which did follow his movements, that short term and long term measures were going to be taken to correct the drinking water situation in Tirupati. He said that he was trying to address the water problems with the Chief Minister of the state, Mr. N. Kiran Kumar Reddy. He promised a new building and a budget of 70 million rupees (U.S.$ 1.5 million) for a proposed water project.

Tupakula Munemma, meanwhile, has started a blog, partly in English and partly in Telugu, which includes some photos of herself and other Yanadi people.

Yagay Sebastian, a Buid leader, is discouraged. “First the lowlanders invaded our land and forced us to move to the highlands and now we might be driven out again,” he says. “Only this time we have nowhere to go.”

Map of Mindoro IslandThe Buid, also often spelled Buhid, are one of the seven indigenous groups living in the highlands of Mindoro Island in the Philippines, which are collectively known as “Mangyans.” While they do not share common languages, they are united by the fact that they all feel discriminated against by the lowland Filipino people and their government agencies.

Plan, an NGO based in the United Kingdom that advocates for children in poor countries, posted a news story on its website last Friday about the efforts of the Mangyan societies to defend their rights to their lands. The leaders of these tribal communities, according to Plan, are deeply concerned about their future, an issue that has been featured by news stories from the Philippines last December and again in May this year.

Juanito Lumawig, the chair of the Pantribong Samahan ng Kanlurang Mindoro (PASAKAMI), a federation that represents the Mangyan societies, told Plan he is deeply worried about the situation. “We are petrified that big mining companies will take over our ancestral land. If the government gives them license to operate, our land and heritage will be lost forever,” he says.

The Plan article indicates that the Mangyan groups claim over 40,000 hectares of mostly forested land as their ancestral territories. The difficulty is that the government of the Philippines requires the Mangyans to document their ownership of the lands they claim, a difficult task for people who mostly do not read and write, who lack written deeds or documents, and who have only limited contact with outsiders. Many Mangyans lack birth certificates or other identity documents, making them even more vulnerable to aggressive lowlanders.

One major reason for their difficulties is that their mountainous territories contain deposits of gold and other valuable minerals. But despite the underground wealth, the Mangyan peoples, including the Buid, are very poor. The average earning power of a Mangyan family is about $0.34 per day. Their drinking water is often not safe, and they are, according to the Plan story, frequently faced with periods of hunger.

Plan indicates that it is helping the Mangyan peoples secure titles to their lands, so far with some success. The organization has been working in Mindoro since 2005. It is creating 3D maps and using the oral histories of the people, which have many references to major landmarks, to help them prepare their claims for deeds to their properties.

Lumawig, the Mangyan leader who is from the Taubuid society, a group immediately to the north of the Buid, indicates that some of their people have been bribed into signing away their land rights. They feel quite helpless—powerless, he says, and frustrated. But, the article continues, they express their frustration and dissent, like their forests, in a peaceful manner. “Non-violence is part of our beliefs,” he says. “Our ancestors told us that God created the forests for the Mangyan. I am sure they will protect us.”

The Indian state of Sikkim has launched a project to encourage people from Lepcha villages to plant amla saplings because of all the benefits they can obtain from their fruits.

Amla fruitAccording to a news report last week, the Sikkim Medicinal Plant Board, part of the state Forest Environment and Wildlife Management Department, began the campaign at a school in Lower Dzongu. It is part of the “National Campaign on Amla,” a program supported by grants from the National Medicinal Plant Board in the central Indian government.

The campaign is encouraging people to plant amla in all possible places in the nation and to use the fruits extensively. Mr. Blacky Tsong, Assistant Commissioner of Forests for Sikkim, said that amla, a valuable source of medicines, is especially rich in vitamin C. He also argues that it has important cultural associations since it is worshipped as a sacred tree and as “Mother Earth” in many parts of India.

Mr. Tsong says that the small fruits from the tree have many practical values. They are used in candies, jams, pickles, juices, and as dried powders.

The amla, Phyllanthus emblica, also known as the Indian gooseberry, is a small deciduous tree which grows from 8 to 18 meters high. People have to climb the trees in the autumn to harvest the fibrous fruits, which are fairly bitter and astringent. According to an article in the Wikipedia, however, the fruits appear to have a number of quite significant medical benefits, such as healing properties for renal diseases, cancers, diabetes, and inflammations.

The Wikipedia article provides citations to medical research that demonstrates the reduction of blood cholesterol levels in human test subjects after treatments with extracts from the plant. Another research project reported on cures for diabetes in rats tested with the fruit extracts. Proponents claim many other health benefits from amla.

The fruits are used for culinary and other purposes throughout India. It is no wonder the government agencies are helping to spread the planting of such a tree. In the Lower Dzongu area of North Sikkim, four different primary schools, one junior high school, and one secondary school will have amla trees planted on their grounds.

Through the lens of a skilled photographer, the Batek people, particularly their children, appear to radiate charm, beauty, and peacefulness. A couple of photo-filled blog posts by Lye Tuck-Po this past week, one on Monday July 25th and the other on Sunday the 31st, certainly capture the inner beauty of these people.

na'Amit and Ayok in 1996

Dr. Lye’s blog post on Sunday, entitled “Batek Portraits: Then and Now,” shows pictures of people as they appeared in 1996 while she was completing her dissertation field work among them. Paired next to those photos are pictures of the same individuals taken 15 years later, during a return visit in 2010.

Among the charming pairs of pictures are two of Ayok and his older sister na’Amit. The one from 1996 shows him as a baby being carried on his sister’s back. In the 2010 photo, Ayok, then a teenager, stands next to his sister, who is now married and carries her own baby on her hip. In an earlier post, on Nov. 3, 2010, Lye indicates that na’Amit has four children of her own.

na'Amit and Ayok in 2010In that November post, Lye says that she feels these two are really her own family. She first met na’Amit when she was a girl of seven or eight. A bright, imaginative child, the girl and the anthropologist quickly became friends. They caught up with one another each time Lye returned to visit their village at Taman Nagara National Park.

Similarly, Dr. Lye has known Ayok since he was a baby, and she has seen him again when he was three, nine, and in 2010, when he was 15. She writes that last year she wanted to acknowledge with him that they had shared special bonds when he was younger, but that such an admission might have been awkward, at least for him. He may have felt the same way. He solved the difficulty by bringing some of his teenage friends to her house for a sleepover the last night of her 2010 visit.

Batek brothersOn July 25th, Lye posted six black and white photos of Batek children doing various things. One, a shot of a mother holding on her lap her infant son, who is making faces at his older brother sitting nearby, captures the harmonious family spirit of the Batek.

She refers, in that post, to the 1928 book Among the Forest Dwarfs of Malaya by the German anthropologist Paul Schebesta. He described the Batek as “dwarfs,” a characterization that she disputes. But his statement about the Batek, which she quotes, is interesting.

“Fathers and mothers are very devoted to their children,” Schebesta wrote. “I have often seen, with astonishment and pleasure, how tenderly the dwarf mothers kiss their children, dangle them on their knees, and prattle to them, laughing…one often saw fathers caressing their children.”

Dr. Lye clearly agrees with Schebesta’s description of Batek family life. It is easy to understand why the anthropologist takes time out from her work to go back again and again to visit these people.